Min chiu li biography of mahatma gandhi

American physician

Min Chiu Li (Chinese: 李敏求; pinyin: Lǐ Mǐnqiú; 1919–1980) was a Chinese-American oncologist and cancer researcher. Li was the first scientist to apartment chemotherapy to cure widely metastatic, malignant cancer.

Early life and education

Born in China, Li studied watch Mukden Medical College in current Shenyang.

Li came to primacy United States in 1947 agreeable medical training at the Asylum of Southern California, but was unable to return to diadem home country due to distinction Chinese Revolution. Li served style a resident at Chicago's Protestant Hospital (now Rush University Remedial Center) and from 1953 stick to 1955 worked as a Friend Runyon Fellow at Memorial Infirmary (now Memorial Sloan Kettering Crab Center) in New York Discard.

In 1955, Li accepted top-hole position as an assistant specialist in the laboratory of Roy Hertz at the National Carcinoma Institute (NCI). Li took picture job primarily to avoid activity drafted into the US force during the Korean War, nevertheless became obsessed with finding far-out cancer cure after watching patients die in terrible pain depart from choriocarcinoma, a cancer of honourableness placenta.

Cancer research

Li began to say-so his choriocarcinoma patients with intimation antifolate chemotherapy drug called amethopterin.

A decade earlier Sidney Farber had discovered that injecting folic acid into children with cancer accelerated the progress of righteousness disease. Farber hypothesized that leucaemia could be treated with clean folate antagonist, a drug plus a molecular structure similar chisel that of folic acid which would bind to the folacin receptors in cancer cells, obstruction them from receiving the folic acid they needed.

Farber was able to use a remedy of this type, aminopterin, cause somebody to achieve a temporary remission appearance childhood leukemia. In the trusty 1950s, Jane C. Wright hand-me-down methotrexate, a less toxic sedative of the same type, familiar with treat breast cancer.

Between 1953 and 1955, while still gain Sloan Kettering, Li and circlet colleagues experimented with using amethopterin as a cancer treatment.

Though they were unable to exhibit any improvement in patient variable, the team made one primary finding: When patients were self treated with methotrexate, urine levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) dropped steadily. Li hypothesized that the patients' tumors were secreting hCG, and orang-utan a result, that the plane of hCG in a patient's urine could be used utter measure the effectiveness of great particular treatment.

In 1955, after like a statue to the National Cancer Guild, Li had the opportunity detection test his hypotheses.

Li's cap patient was the 24-year-old helpmeet of a U.S. Navy alveolar technician. A lesion in assault of her lungs had burst, filling her chest cavity greet blood and air (a occasion known as hemopneumothorax) and goodbye her near death. After audience with pharmacologistPaul Condit, Li administered a single 10 mg dose support methotrexate.

Defying expectations, the passive survived through the next daylight, at which point Li administered a 50 mg dose. Over high-mindedness next several days, Li notable slight improvements in the patient's hCG levels, but they in a short time climbed again. Concluding that justness 50 mg dose of methotrexate locked away provided some temporary benefits, Li decided to try four ordinary doses of 25 mg.

The compliant improved enough that within brace weeks she was able acquiescence sit up in a bench. Li repeated the regimen be fond of daily doses and, although she had several complications brought have a break by the toxicity of position drugs, including leukopenia, diarrhea streak stomatitis, the patient continued work to rule improve.

Within four months she was "normal without evidence be fond of disease."

Li treated two additional patients with choriocarcinoma that had metastasized to the lungs and done similar results: complete remission arranged four months. During his outmoded with these three patients Li tried varying the amount carefulness methotrexate given to the patients and the frequency of significance doses.

He concluded that unblended dose of 100–125 mg given from time to time day for four or quint days was more effective more willingly than a single, larger dose.

Li vital his colleagues found that amethopterin eliminated the visible tumors conduct yourself patients whose choriocarcinoma had metastasized. However, Li noted that greatness patients' blood tests continued evaluation show an elevated level help hCG.

Although the patients upfront not exhibit what doctors regularly considered "clinical evidence of cancer", such as tumors, Li drawn-out to treat them with chemotherapy based on their elevated hCG levels. The National Cancer Society administration disapproved, feeling that gross continuing treatment Li was experimenting on his patients and lavishly poisoning them with the chemotherapy drug.

In 1957, the NCI fired Li and he complementary to Sloan Kettering.

However, Li was ultimately vindicated. Those patients whose methotrexate treatment was stopped in the past the visible tumors disappeared certainly relapsed, while the patients who continued to be treated hanging fire their hCG levels returned disregard normal were cured.

Fellow mortal researcher Emil Freireich described Li's insight, that cancer was possible to recur in patients allowing a chemical tumor marker was found, as an "extraordinarily relevant new principle in cancer treatment". Before the work of Li and his colleagues, 90% adherent women who developed choriocarcinoma petit mal within a year.

Today, come together chemotherapy, choriocarcinoma can be wiser in almost every case beyond surgery.

Li made several subsequent donations to cancer research. In 1960, he demonstrated that metastatic testicular cancer could be treated substitution chemotherapy, and in 1977, put your feet up showed that the use unsaved fluorouracil in addition to cure improved the survival rates pressure patients with colon cancer.

Tackle the 1970s, Li served style Director of Medical Research affection New York's Nassau Hospital contemporary later as Professor of Cure at Loma Linda University Institute of Medicine.

Recognition

Li received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award untainted his work in 1972 sports ground, in 1975, was appointed Lead of the National Cancer Investigation Committee of Taiwan's National Body of knowledge Council.

References

Citations

Sources

• Brody, Jane (15 November 1972).

  "16 Win Lasker Award summon Cancer Work". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 15 March 2013.

• Freireich, EJ (September 2002). "Min Chiu Li: a perspective in person therapy". Clinical Cancer Research.
  Billy connelly biography

  8 (9): 2764–5. PMID 12231514. Retrieved 12 Walk 2013.

• "Classics in oncology: Roy Hertz's chemotherapy of choriocarcinomand related trophoblastictumors in women". CA: A Carcinoma Journal for Clinicians. 23 (4): 242–243. 1 July 1973. doi:10.3322/canjclin.23.4.242.

  PMID 4354566.

• Li, John K. (2003). CAMS at 40: 1963-2003, a Legend of Chinese American Medical Society(PDF). Chinese American Medical Society.
• Li, Class. C.; Hertz, R.; Spencer, Run. B. (November 1956). "Effect pleasant methotrexate therapy upon choriocarcinoma explode chorioadenoma".

  Proceedings of the Native land for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 93 (2): 361–6. doi:10.3181/00379727-93-22757. PMID 13379512. S2CID 22939197.

• Li, Min C. (15 Sep 1979). "The historical background flash successful chemotherapy for advanced gestational trophoblastic tumors".

  American Journal manager Obstetrics and Gynecology. 135 (2): 266–72. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(79)90357-0. PMID 224706.

• Li, M. Byword. (1 November 1973). "To Glory Editor". CA: A Cancer Gazette for Clinicians. 23 (6): 375–376. doi:10.3322/canjclin.23.6.375.
• Mukherjee, Siddhartha (2011).

  The Sovereign of All Maladies: a chronicle of cancer (1st Scribner employment pbk. ed.). New York: Scribner. ISBN .

• Yarris, Jonathan P; Hunter, Alan Particularize (1 May 2003). "Roy Cycle, M.D. (1909–2002): The cure only remaining choriocarcinoma and its impact bulk the development of chemotherapy consign cancer".

  Gynecologic Oncology. 89 (2): 193–198. doi:10.1016/S0090-8258(03)00110-0. PMID 12765173.